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Current Monetary Policies in Nigeria as at 2024 

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The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) implements monetary policies to control inflation, stabilize the currency (Naira), and promote economic growth. As of 2024, the CBN has made several policy adjustments to tackle challenges like rising inflation, exchange rate volatility, and liquidity issues.  Key Monetary Policies in Nigeria (2024) Interest Rate Adjustments (Monetary Policy Rate, MPR) The Monetary Policy Rate (MPR) is the benchmark interest rate used to control inflation and borrowing costs. Latest Update: In February 2024, the CBN raised the MPR to 22.75% from 18.75% to curb inflation and stabilize the Naira. Impact: Higher interest rates reduce borrowing and slow down inflation. Businesses may struggle with higher loan costs. Foreign Exchange (FX) Management Policies The CBN has taken steps to stabilize the exchange rate of the Naira against the US Dollar. Key Policies: Unification of Exchange Rates – CBN merged official and parallel market rates to create a more flexible exchange system. Increased FX Supply – CBN is injecting dollars into the market to reduce scarcity. Restrictions on FX Access – Importers of certain items cannot get FX at official rates to encourage local production. Impact: Short-term volatility in the exchange rate Businesses involved in imports face higher costs. More investment opportunities for exporters Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) & Liquidity Management Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): The percentage of bank deposits that commercial banks must keep with the CBN. Latest Update: Increased to 45% to reduce excess liquidity and control inflation. Impact: Reduces the amount of money available for banks to lend Slows down inflation but makes loans more expensive. Inflation Control Measures Nigeria’s inflation rate was around 29.9% in January 2024, driven by food and fuel price increases. CBN uses tight monetary policies (higher interest rates, controlling money supply) to fight inflation. Impact: Prices of goods may rise more slowly. Higher borrowing costs may reduce business expansion. Digital Payment & Cashless Policy Enforcement CBN continues to push for a cashless economy through digital transactions and e-Naira adoption. Recent Updates: Increased limits on cash withdrawals to encourage electronic transactions. More incentives for using the e-Naira and digital banking Impact: Encourages financial inclusion and reduces reliance on physical cash. Businesses must adopt digital payment systems. Banking Sector Regulations & Lending Policies CBN enforces stricter regulations to ensure banking stability and reduce bad loans. Recent Policies: Tightening regulations on loan disbursement to reduce non-performing loans (NPLs). Increasing capital requirements for banks to ensure financial stability Impact: Stronger banking system Harder access to credit for some businesses Summary of Impact on Businesses & Individuals Policy Effect on Businesses Effect on Individuals Higher MPR (Interest Rate) More expensive loans, reduced investment Higher loan interest, lower purchasing power FX Policies & Exchange Rate Unification Increased import costs, better export opportunities More expensive foreign goods, potential Naira stability Higher CRR & Liquidity Control Reduced access to bank loans Harder to get business or personal loans Inflation Control Measures Slower price increases but lower consumer spending Higher cost of living, slower salary growth Cashless Policy & Digital Payments More need for digital transactions Increased use of e-payments & mobile banking Conclusion & Future Outlook Source: Reuters

Documentaries, ES.Ng

Companies and Markets

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Nigeria’s business landscape is experiencing dynamic shifts across various sectors. Here’s an overview of the latest trends shaping companies and markets in the country: 1. Economic Growth and Sectoral Performance Robust GDP Growth: In the fourth quarter of 2024, Nigeria’s economy expanded by 3.84%, marking the fastest growth in three years. This surge was primarily driven by the services sector, which saw a 5.37% year-on-year increase.  Annual Growth Figures: For the entire year of 2024, the economy grew by 3.40%, up from 2.74% in 2023, though it fell short of the government’s 6% target.  2. Energy Sector Developments Local Acquisition of Oil Assets: Seplat, a Nigerian energy company, completed a $1.28 billion acquisition of Exxon’s local operations in December 2024. This move aims to double production from 50,000 to 120,000 barrels per day within six months, as international oil majors retreat from onshore operations due to environmental and security challenges.  Dangote Refinery Commences Operations: Aliko Dangote’s mega-refinery near Lagos began supplying petrol to Nigerian stations in October 2024. Despite initial challenges and delays, the refinery operates at 60-70% capacity, aiming to reduce Nigeria’s reliance on imported fuel.  3. Financial and Fintech Innovations Moniepoint’s Significant Investment: Nigerian fintech company Moniepoint secured $110 million in funding in October 2024, with contributions from Google and other investors. This investment aims to enhance digital payments and banking solutions across Africa, valuing Moniepoint at over $1 billion.  Introduction of AfriGo Card Scheme: Launched in January 2023, the AfriGo domestic card scheme by the Central Bank of Nigeria offers a cost-effective alternative to international card services. Settling fees in naira, it reduces dependence on foreign exchange and aims to enhance financial inclusion.  4. Challenges in Renewable Energy Expansion Stalled Solar Projects: Despite initial enthusiasm, 14 proposed solar farms in Nigeria were halted due to the government’s failure to guarantee essential conditions for developers. Challenges include a high-risk business environment and currency fluctuations, reflecting broader issues in scaling renewable energy projects across sub-Saharan Africa.  5. Corporate Financial Adjustments PZ Cussons Reduces Dividend: The consumer goods company PZ Cussons cut its dividend by 44% following a significant decline in Nigeria’s currency value, which impacted full-year profits. The devaluation led to a 39.7% drop in pre-tax profits, prompting the company to consider selling its Africa business.  6. Telecommunications and Internet Expansion 5G Network Rollout: MTN Nigeria and Airtel Nigeria have launched 5G services in major cities, including Lagos, Abuja, and Port Harcourt, aiming to enhance connectivity and support the digital economy.  Internet Penetration Growth: As of January 2022, Nigeria had over 109 million internet users, with mobile devices accounting for more than 84% of access. Efforts to improve infrastructure and affordability continue to drive increased connectivity.  7. E-commerce and Digital Marketing Trends Rise in Online Shopping: The e-commerce market in Nigeria is experiencing significant growth, driven by increased internet access and mobile device usage. Consumers are increasingly favoring online platforms for convenience and broader product selection.  Enhanced Digital Marketing Efforts: Nigerian businesses have intensified their marketing strategies, with a 35.9% increase in budgets from 2021 to 2023. This focus aims to boost brand visibility and competitiveness in a dynamic market.  Source: Reuters Financial Times

Documentaries, ES.Ng

Branding: The difference between branding, marketing, and advertising

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1. Branding: The Identity & Perception Definition: Branding is the process of creating a unique identity, image, and emotional connection with a company, product, or individual. It defines what a business stands for, its values, personality, and how it is perceived by the audience. Key Elements of Branding: Brand Identity: Logo, color scheme, typography, and visual elements. Brand Voice & Messaging: Tone, language, and storytelling style. Brand Values & Mission: The principles and purpose behind the brand. Brand Positioning: How a brand differentiates itself in the market. Brand Experience: The emotional connection customers have with the brand. Example: Nike’s brand identity is built around inspiration and performance, with the slogan “Just Do It.” Apple’s branding emphasizes simplicity, innovation, and premium quality. Purpose: Branding creates long-term recognition, trust, and loyalty. 2. Marketing: The Strategy & Execution Definition: Marketing is the overall strategy and process of promoting a brand’s products or services to attract and retain customers. It includes research, communication, and distribution strategies. Key Elements of Marketing: Market Research: Understanding customer needs and preferences. Product Development: Designing and positioning products to fit market demand. Pricing Strategies: Competitive pricing to attract customers. Promotional Activities: Advertising, PR, content marketing, etc. Sales Channels: Online, in-store, partnerships, etc. Example: Coca-Cola’s marketing strategy includes sponsorships, social media campaigns, and global outreach to maintain relevance. Amazon’s marketing focuses on customer convenience, personalization, and prime memberships. Purpose: Marketing aims to drive sales, customer engagement, and brand awareness. 3. Advertising: The Promotion & Visibility Definition: Advertising is a subset of marketing that focuses on paid promotions to increase awareness and persuade consumers to buy a product or service. Key Elements of Advertising: Paid Media: TV commercials, social media ads, billboards, online PPC (Pay-Per-Click). Creative Content: Attention-grabbing visuals, slogans, and storytelling. Targeting & Placement: Choosing the right audience and platforms. Campaigns: Short-term promotions, seasonal ads, and special offers. Example: Purpose: Advertising creates immediate visibility, generates leads, and drives conversions. Summary of Differences: Aspect Branding Marketing Advertising Definition The identity & perception of a business. The strategy to attract & retain customers. Paid communication to promote products. Focus Long-term reputation & trust. Overall customer engagement & sales growth. Short-term awareness & conversions. Examples Logo, brand values, tagline, customer experience. Content marketing, SEO, social media strategy. TV commercials, Facebook/Google Ads, billboards. Goal Build recognition & loyalty. Create demand & grow market presence. Persuade consumers & increase sales. Final Analogy: Think of a business like a person: Case Study: Branding, Marketing, and Advertising for a Small Business. Let’s say you own a health and wellness supplement brand called “Vital Edge” that sells organic vitamins and dietary supplements. Here’s how branding, marketing, and advertising work together to grow your business: 1. Branding: Building the Identity Logo & Visual Identity: You design a clean, modern logo with green and blue colors to represent health and trust. Brand Story: You tell a compelling story about how VitalEdge was created to help people live healthier, longer lives. Core Values: Sustainability, transparency, and quality. Slogan: “Fuel Your Body, Elevate Your Life.” Packaging & Experience: Eco-friendly packaging that reflects your commitment to sustainability. Outcome: Customers start recognizing your brand and associating it with trust, quality, and wellness. 2. Marketing: Reaching & Engaging Customers Outcome: Customers start engaging with your brand, following you online, signing up for emails, and considering a purchase. 3. Advertising: Driving Sales & Awareness Google Ads: You run PPC ads targeting people searching for “best supplements for energy.” Facebook & Instagram Ads: You create sponsored posts featuring testimonials from happy customers. YouTube Ads: A 15-second video ad plays before workout-related content, showcasing how your supplements boost performance. Billboards & Offline Ads: You sponsor a local fitness event, placing your brand in front of health enthusiasts. Outcome: Customers see your ads, visit your website, and make a purchase. How They Work Together: Without branding, people wouldn’t remember or trust your business.Without marketing, people wouldn’t know your product exists.Without advertising, your business would grow much slower. Use Case: Branding, Marketing, and Advertising in the Fashion Industry Let’s say you are launching a luxury street-wear brand called “Urban Elite”, that sells high-end hoodies, sneakers, and accessories. Here’s how branding, marketing, and advertising work together to grow your business: 1. Branding: Creating a Unique Identity Branding defines what Urban Elite stands for and how customers perceive it. Logo & Visual Identity: A sleek, minimalist black-and-gold logo that symbolizes exclusivity and urban culture. Brand Story: “UrbanElite was created to bridge the gap between high fashion and street culture, offering premium, limited-edition apparel.” Core Values: Luxury, exclusivity, and creativity. Slogan: “Luxury Meets Street.” Brand Personality: Bold, stylish, and aspirational—appealing to trendsetters and influencers. Customer Experience: High-quality packaging with premium feel, handwritten thank-you notes, and VIP membership for exclusive drops. Outcome: Urban Elite becomes a status symbol in the street wear community. Customers don’t just buy the clothes—they buy into the lifestyle and exclusivity. 2. Marketing: Engaging the Right Audience Marketing ensures people discover and connect with Urban Elite through different strategies. Market Research: You identify your target audience—fashion-forward Gen Z and Millennials (ages 18-35) who follow hip-hop culture and luxury fashion trends. Content Strategy: You create engaging Instagram Reels, TikTok videos, and blog posts on “How Street wear is Redefining Luxury Fashion.” Social Media & Influencer Marketing: You partner with street wear influencers and rappers to wear and promote your brand. Exclusive “Behind-the-scenes” content of design processes and limited drops. SEO & Website Optimization: Your website is optimized with high-quality images, a seamless shopping experience, and limited-time drops to create hype. Limited Edition Drops: You create scarcity & demand by releasing exclusive collections every season, making the brand more desirable. Outcome: Your brand builds a loyal fan-base, and customers eagerly wait for the next limited-edition drop. 3. Advertising: Creating Hype & Driving Sales Advertising pushes Urban Elite in front of the right audience, making it desirable and increasing sales. Instagram & TikTok Ads: You run paid campaigns featuring influencers wearing Urban Elite, targeting fashion-forward customers. YouTube Ads: Short, stylish video ads

Documentaries, ES.Ng

Overview of the Nigerian Banking and Finance Industry

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The Nigerian banking and finance sector is currently navigating a complex landscape shaped by macroeconomic pressures, evolving regulatory frameworks, and rapid technological change. Here are the key trends and developments: 1. Macroeconomic Pressures and Monetary Policy Adjustments Higher Interest Rates: The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has raised the monetary policy rate significantly to curb rising inflation. This move is aimed at stabilizing the currency (Naira) but has led to higher borrowing costs, impacting both consumers and businesses. Exchange Rate Volatility: Efforts to unify official and parallel exchange rates have led to short-term fluctuations. The FX management policies, including increased injection of foreign currency, aim to ease dollar scarcity, but challenges persist for importers and businesses reliant on foreign trade. Tightened Liquidity: With an increase in the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), banks now have less liquidity to extend loans. This cautious approach is intended to manage inflation and reduce non-performing loans, though it makes accessing credit more difficult for many borrowers. 2. Regulatory Reforms and Banking Sector Stability Stricter lending regulations: Regulators are focusing on reducing bad loans by enforcing tighter guidelines on loan disbursements. Increased capital requirements are also in place to bolster banks’ resilience against economic shocks. Digital Transformation: The push towards a cashless economy continues, with the CBN encouraging the use of digital payment platforms like the e-Naira. Banks are investing heavily in digital channels to enhance financial inclusion and efficiency. Enhanced Supervision: The CBN has intensified its oversight of the banking sector to ensure stability amid economic uncertainty. This includes closer monitoring of banks’ liquidity and credit practices. 3. The Rise of Fintech and Digital Innovations Fintech Growth: Nigeria remains one of the leading fintech hubs in Africa. Innovative startups are transforming traditional banking by offering mobile payment solutions, digital wallets, and online lending services. These technologies are filling gaps in financial inclusion, especially in underbanked areas. Collaboration between banks and fintechs: Many traditional banks are partnering with Fintech companies to leverage technology, improve customer experiences, and streamline operations. This collaboration is critical in a competitive and rapidly changing financial landscape. Increased Digital Adoption: Consumers are rapidly embracing digital banking services for convenience and safety, particularly in response to the broader cashless policy initiatives driven by the CBN. 4. Challenges and Future Outlook Economic Uncertainty: Persistent inflation, fluctuating exchange rates, and cautious lending practices continue to create an environment of uncertainty. Banks must balance the need for financial stability with the demand for credit from an economy eager to grow. Impact on Businesses: Higher interest rates and tighter liquidity mean that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) might struggle to secure funding, potentially slowing economic expansion. However, initiatives to boost local production and innovation may provide long-term benefits. Digital Disruption: The ongoing digital transformation is set to redefine traditional banking models. While this presents challenges for legacy systems, it also opens up opportunities for increased efficiency and broader financial inclusion. Conclusion The Nigerian banking and finance industry is at a crossroads, facing significant challenges from economic pressures and regulatory changes while simultaneously experiencing a digital revolution that promises improved efficiency and inclusivity. As banks adapt to these changes, both the public and private sectors must collaborate to foster a resilient financial ecosystem that supports sustainable growth. ​Impact on specific sectors 1. Retail Banking Digital Transformation: More banks will close physical branches and move towards digital-only banking, leveraging AI-driven customer service and automated transactions. Open Banking: Customers will have more control over their data, allowing them to use third-party services for financial management, creating new competition for traditional banks. BNPL (Buy Now, Pay Later): Alternative lending models will rise, competing with traditional credit card offerings. 2. Corporate and Investment Banking AI in Risk Management: Predictive analytics will help assess credit risk and detect fraud more efficiently. ESG (environmental, social, and governance) investments: firms will shift towards sustainable investments, influencing capital allocation and portfolio management. Tokenization of Assets: Blockchain could enable fractional ownership of real estate, private equity, and commodities, transforming investment strategies. 3. Fintech & Digital Payments CBDCs (Central Bank Digital Currencies): Governments exploring digital currencies may disrupt traditional payment networks and remittance services. Decentralized Finance (DeFi): More consumers and businesses will access financial services without traditional intermediaries, pressuring banks to innovate. RegTech: Compliance automation using AI and blockchain will help fintech firms meet regulatory demands more efficiently. 4. Wealth Management & Personal Finance Robo-Advisors: AI-driven financial planning will democratize wealth management, reducing reliance on human advisors. Hyper-Personalization: Banks and investment firms will use big data to offer highly tailored financial products and services. Cryptocurrency Integration: More financial institutions will offer crypto-based investment products to meet growing demand. 5. Insurance & Risk Management Insurtech Expansion: AI-driven underwriting and blockchain-enabled smart contracts will streamline claims processing and fraud detection. Parametric Insurance: The rise of data-driven, real-time payout models will change how policies are structured for natural disasters and other risks. Cybersecurity Insurance: As financial cyber threats rise, insurers will refine risk models for cyber liability coverage. Source: Reuters

Documentaries, ES.Ng

Women Entrepreneurs Making news in Nigeria

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Nigeria boasts a vibrant community of women entrepreneurs who are making significant strides across various industries. Here are some notable figures: 1. Mo Abudu Mo Abudu, often referred to as “the queen of African media,” is the CEO of EbonyLife Group, one of Nigeria’s leading media conglomerates. She began her career in the UK as a recruitment consultant before returning to Nigeria to pursue entrepreneurship. Abudu’s ventures include television production, film, and a creative academy, all aimed at showcasing African stories to a global audience. Her success is attributed to resilience, hard work, and an unyielding spirit. 2. Lisa Folawiyo Lisa Folawiyo is a renowned fashion designer based in Lagos. She founded her label, Jewel By Lisa, in 2005, blending contemporary tailoring with traditional West African prints. Her intricate, hand-beaded designs have garnered international acclaim, with celebrities like Lupita Nyong’o and Issa Rae donning her creations. Folawiyo draws inspiration from Nigeria’s vibrant markets and cultural heritage, contributing significantly to the global recognition of Nigerian fashion. 3. Jumoke Dada Jumoke Dada is the founder and CEO of Taeillo, an e-commerce furniture company in Nigeria. Established at the age of 26, Taeillo integrates augmented reality and virtual reality to enhance customer experience in furniture shopping. Under Dada’s leadership, the company has revolutionized the Nigerian furniture industry, making quality designs accessible to a broader audience. 4. Aisha Ochuwa Tella Aisha Ochuwa Tella is a Nigerian lawyer and entrepreneur, founder of Aishaochuwa Group Limited. Starting her journey in 2010 by selling jewelry during her university days, she has expanded her business into a prominent fashion company. Ochuwa is also recognized for her contributions to legal practice and has been honored with several awards, including the Young Entrepreneur of the Year at the YEIS Awards 2022. 5. Temie Giwa-Tubosun Temie Giwa-Tubosun is the founder of LifeBank, a medical distribution company established in 2016 to address blood shortages in Nigeria. LifeBank utilizes technology and data to discover and deliver essential medical products to hospitals efficiently. Giwa-Tubosun’s innovative approach has significantly impacted healthcare delivery in Nigeria, earning her recognition both locally and internationally. 6. Ife Durosinmi-Etti Ife Durosinmi-Etti is an entrepreneur and author, known for founding Herconomy, a fintech company dedicated to empowering women through business grants, fellowships, and scholarships. She has also collaborated with global giants like Amazon to provide funding and recruitment opportunities for women. Durosinmi-Etti is committed to educating women on business growth, exemplified by her book “Accessing Grants for Start-ups.” 7. Seun Alley Seun Alley is the founder and CEO of Fez Delivery, a technology-driven logistics company established in 2018. The company focuses on providing seamless last-mile delivery services for businesses and individuals across Africa. Under Alley’s leadership, Fez Delivery has become a significant player in the logistics sector, addressing the challenges of transportation and supply chain management in the region. 8. Maya Horgan Famodu Maya Horgan Famodu is the founder of Ingressive Capital, a venture capital firm that invests in early-stage African tech startups. She is dedicated to supporting the next generation of African innovators by providing them with the necessary capital and resources to scale their businesses. Famodu’s efforts have been instrumental in attracting global attention to Africa’s burgeoning tech ecosystem. 9. Odunayo Eweniyi Odunayo Eweniyi is the co-founder and Chief Operations Officer of PiggyVest, an online savings and investment platform. Launched in 2016, PiggyVest helps users manage their finances by automating savings and offering investment opportunities. Eweniyi is also a vocal advocate for women’s rights and co-founded the Feminist Coalition, which focuses on promoting equality for women in Nigerian society. 10. Yetunde Adeyemi Yetunde Adeyemi is a Nigerian entrepreneur who has made significant strides in the business world. With support from initiatives like We-Fi, Adeyemi has been able to grow her business, contributing to economic development and serving as an inspiration to other women entrepreneurs in Nigeria. These women exemplify the entrepreneurial spirit and resilience prevalent among Nigerian women, making substantial contributions to various sectors and inspiring future generations. Celebrating Nigerian Women Entrepreneurs

ES.Ng, Reports, State of the Month

Best State of the Month: Lagos state

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Lagos state Governor: Babajide Sanwo-OluCapital: IkejaLand Mass: App. 3,577 square kilometersPopulation: App. 16.7mGDP: N 41.2 Trillion ($87B)Unemployment Rate: 5.5%GDP Growth Rate: 10%Population Growth Rate: 3.7% As of November 2024, Lagos State continues to lead among Nigerian states in terms ofvarious development indices. It excels particularly in economic strength, revenuegeneration independent of federal allocations, and public health preparedness. Lagos, forinstance, topped the Health Preparedness Index, reflecting its advanced healthcareinfrastructure and proactive health policies.Lagos’ dominance is linked to its large population, strategic location, robust economicactivities, and effective governance that prioritize innovation and infrastructureexpansion.Located in the southwestern geopolitical zone of Nigeria, is the smallest state by landarea but the most populous in the country. As of the most recent estimates, thepopulation of Lagos State is approximately 16.7 million, making it one of the fastest-growing cities globally. Lagos is Nigeria’s economic hub, contributing significantly to thecountry’s GDP through trade, commerce, and finance.The state capital is Ikeja, a major administrative and commercial center known for itsextensive government institutions, bustling markets, and business parks, as well as theMurtala Muhammed International Airport. Five administrative divisions: Ikeja, Badagry, Ikorodu, Lagos Island, and Epe (oftenabbreviated as IBILE), which are further divided into Local Government Areas (LGAs). Thestate is a major center for culture, education, media, and technology, with vibrantindustries spanning from fashion to film, commonly referred to as “Nollywood.”Lagos State’s economy is driven by commerce, transportation, real estate, andtechnology, with a high concentration of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) anda rapidly growing tech sector earning it the reputation of being a tech hub in Africa.The current governor of Lagos State is Babajide Sanwo-Olu, who assumed office on May29, 2019, and was re-elected in 2023. He is affiliated with the All Progressives Congress(APC). Lagos State has a land mass of approximately 3,577 square kilometers, making itNigeria’s smallest state by land area, yet it is the most densely populated andeconomically significant​.Major towns in Lagos State include Ikeja (the state capital), Lagos Island, Surulere,Ikorodu, Epe, Badagry, and Apapa. The state serves as Nigeria’s economic hub with itsbustling ports, markets, and extensive commercial activities.Alimosho is a local government area in Lagos City, South West Nigeria. It is the largestlocal government in Lagos in terms of population.Religious demographics, Lagos is a highly diverse state. It has a predominantly Christianand Muslim population, with adherents of traditional religions making up a smallerproportion. The population distribution is fluid due to urbanization, but it remains almostevenly split between Christians and Muslims, reflecting the cultural melting pot nature ofthe state.Lagos State’s economy is the largest in Nigeria, and its GDP contributes a significantportion to the nation’s total. However, precise figures for 2024, such as the state’s GDP,growth rate, unemployment rate, inflation rate, and import/export data, would typicallyrequire access to the latest state-specific economic reports or updates from reputablefinancial institutions or government sources like the Lagos Bureau of Statistics or theNational Bureau of Statistics (NBS).

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